What is Chinese Cloisonné?

Cloisonné is a unique technique used to decorate metal or porcelain objects with colorful enamel. The process involves embedding small pieces of materials like gold flecks or powdered minerals into layers of molten glass, which is then applied to metal surfaces. Each layer of enamel is fired in a kiln, creating a smooth, colorful, and glossy finish.

Traditionally, cloisonné was made on metal objects like brass or bronze vases, kettles, and decorative pieces. However, during the Ming Dynasty, craftsmen innovated by using porcelain as the base material, producing beautiful enamelware that is still highly valued today.

The Etymology of Cloisonné

The word “cloisonné” is derived from the French word “cloison,” which means “partition” or “compartment.” Originally, metal wires or strips were used to partition a surface into separate sections, each of which was filled with colored enamel. However, during the Ming era, the use of partitions became less common, with artists allowing the enamel colors to flow into one another, creating more fluid and vibrant designs.

In Chinese, cloisonné is referred to as Jingtailan (景泰蓝), named after the Ming Dynasty Emperor Jingtai, whose reign (1449-1457) is known for the highest quality cloisonné production. In China, enamel is called tángcí (搪瓷).

The History of Chinese Cloisonné

Origins and Western Influence

The origins of cloisonné can be traced back to ancient times in the Middle East, where artisans began using enamel techniques to decorate metal objects. The craft spread to Byzantine and Islamic cultures, where artisans used powdered minerals, small gems, and gold leaf to create colorful coatings on metal surfaces.

The technique eventually reached China through trade routes, and by the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Chinese artisans had mastered it. During this period, cloisonné became a key element in Chinese art and craftsmanship.

Cloisonné in the Ming Dynasty

Cloisonné reached its zenith during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), particularly during the reign of Emperor Jingtai (1449-1457). It was during this time that cloisonné began to be referred to as “Jingtai blue,” a term used to describe the vibrant blue enamel that became synonymous with cloisonné pieces from this period.

The Ming craftsmen innovated by using porcelain as a substrate material, combining China’s famous porcelain craftsmanship with the cloisonné technique. This allowed for the creation of pieces with both translucent color and the strength of porcelain, making them highly prized both domestically and abroad.

Cloisonné in the Qing Dynasty

During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), cloisonné continued to be highly valued, though the quality was generally considered to be lower than that of the Ming period. The Qing court especially favored gold cloisonné objects, which were considered highly luxurious and were often used in royal palaces.

Notably, Chinese cloisonné won first prize at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair and again in 1915 at the Panama World’s Fair, solidifying its status as a revered traditional art form on the global stage.

Modern Chinese Cloisonné

Today, Chinese cloisonné is still produced, but with the help of modern chemical technology, the enamel is now even more colorful and varied than ever before. Craftsmen no longer limit themselves to the traditional blue and gold hues of the Ming era. Instead, a broad range of bright colors and innovative designs are used to create both traditional and contemporary cloisonné pieces.

Where to Buy Chinese Cloisonné

If you are interested in purchasing authentic Chinese cloisonné during your travels, there are several places in China that are well-known for producing high-quality cloisonné goods.

Cloisonné in Beijing

1. Huairou Cloisonné Factory
   Located just 15 minutes away from the Mutianyu Great Wall, the Huairou Cloisonné Factory is a popular destination for tourists interested in seeing the cloisonné-making process firsthand. The factory also has a shop where visitors can purchase fine cloisonné items.
   Address: 488 East of Guojiawu, Huairou County.

2. Beijing Enamel Factory
   This is one of the largest cloisonné factories in Beijing. It is a great place to watch craftsmen at work and purchase a wide range of cloisonné items.
   Address: 10 Anlelin Road, Yongdingmenwai.

Yiwu Commodities Trade Market

For those looking for wholesale prices or a wider variety, the Yiwu Commodities Trade Market in Zhejiang Province is an excellent option. Located in Yiwu, this large market offers a huge selection of cloisonné products, from vases to decorative art pieces, at competitive prices.
Address: Chengbei Rd, Yiwu, Jinhua, Zhejiang.

Cloisonné Handicraft Tours in Beijing

For those interested in learning about the art of cloisonné, Hello China Trip offers custom tours that include visits to cloisonné factories and shops in Beijing. You can see firsthand how these beautiful pieces are created and even purchase them directly from the makers.

Tour Example:

• Traditional Chinese Handicraft Tour in Beijing: Visit cloisonné craft houses and shops around the city. Explore the Temple of Heaven, located just a kilometer away from the Beijing Enamel Factory.

Chinese cloisonné is a fascinating art form that has been perfected over centuries. From the Ming Dynasty’s blue enamel to the colorful creations of modern-day craftsmen, cloisonné has maintained its status as one of the most beautiful and prestigious forms of Chinese craftsmanship. Whether you’re a collector or a casual tourist, Chinese cloisonné is a wonderful souvenir to bring home from your travels.